A family of six launched suicide attacks on three churches during services at Indonesia's second-largest city of Surabaya, killing at least 13 people and wounding 40.
Police said the family who carried out Sunday's attacks were among 500 Islamic State sympathizers who had returned from Syria.
"The husband drove the car, an Avanza, that contained explosives and rammed it into the gate in front of that church," East Java police spokesman Frans Barung Mangera told reporters at the regional police headquarters in Surabaya.
The wife and two daughters were involved in an attack on a second church and at the third church "two other children rode the motorbike and had the bomb across their laps", Mangera said.
The two daughters were aged 12 and 9 while the other two, thought to be the man's sons, were 18 and 16, police said.
They blamed the bombings on the Islamic State-inspired group Jemaah Ansharut Daulah (JAD).
JAD is an umbrella organisation on a U.S. State Department “terrorist” list that is estimated to have drawn hundreds of Islamic State sympathizers in Indonesia.
Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attacks, in a message carried on its Amaq news agency.
"This act is barbaric and beyond the limits of humanity, causing victims among members of society, the police and even innocent children," President Joko Widodo said during a visit to the scene of the attacks.
East Java police spokesman Mangera said the attacks had killed at least 13 people and 40 had been taken to hospital, including two police officers.
He called on people to remain calm.
Streets around the bombed churches were blocked by checkpoints and heavily armed police stood guard as forensic and bomb squad officers combined the area for clues.
Television footage showed one church where the yard in front appeared engulfed in fire, with thick, black smoke billowing up. A large blast was heard hours after the attacks, which Mangera said was a bomb disposal squad dealing with a device.
The attacks come several days after five Indonesian police officers and an inmate were killed in clashes at a high-security jail on the outskirts of Jakarta.
The Islamic State (IS) group claimed responsibility for that incident although police rejected its involvement.
The church attacks were likely linked to the prison hostage standoff, said Wawan Purwanto, communication director at Indonesia's intelligence agency.
"The main target is still security authorities, but we can say that there are alternative (targets) if the main targets are blocked," he said.
At St Mary's catholic church, the first place of worship to be attacked, the bombing happened after an earlier mass was over and when the church was getting ready to hold another service.
A witness interviewed by CNN Indonesia said shortly before the explosion he saw a person on a motorbike drive in carrying a cardboard box.
Separately, an internal police report reviewed by Reuters said a suspected bomb exploded in a car in the parking lot of a Pentacostal church, setting alight dozens of motorbikes.
In the third location, the Indonesian Christian Church, veiled women entered the church's yard where they were stopped by a security guard before an explosion occurred at the same spot, according to the police report.
Television images showed toppled and burnt motorcycles and debris scattered around the entrance of one church and police cordoning off areas as crowds gathered.
A spokesman for Indonesia's church association (PGI) called on the government for more help on security at churches.
"PGI is concerned because this had happened many times and often taken place around the time of Sunday services," said Jeirry Sumampow, a spokesman for the Indonesia's Communion of Churches.
Pope Francis offered his prayer to the victims during his Sunday prayer in Rome.
"I am particularly close to the dear people of Indonesia, especially to the communities of Christians of the city of Surabaya, which were hit hard by the serious attack on places of worship," he said.
"Together we invoke the God of peace (asking him) to cease these violent actions and (to make sure) that in the heart of all there could be a space not feelings of hatred and violence, but of reconciliation and fraternity."
Nearly 90 percent of Indonesians are Muslim, but the country is also home to sizeable communities of Hindus, Christians, Buddhists, and people who adhere to traditional beliefs.
The country, which will begin the holy fasting month of Ramadan this week, has been on high alert after a string of recent plots and attacks by militants inspired by IS.
The archipelago nation of some 17,000 islands has long struggled with Islamic militancy and has suffered a series of attacks in the past 15 years – including the 2002 Bali bombings that killed 202 people, mostly foreign tourists, in the country's worst-ever terror attack.
A sustained crackdown weakened the most dangerous networks but the emergence of IS has proved a potent new rallying cry for radicals.
Hundreds of Indonesians have flocked to fight with IS, sparking fears that extremist outfits could get a new lease on life.
Sources: Local media, AP, Reuters
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